Types of laboratory apparatus and their functions
Science laboratories have a lot
of apparatus that are used to aid various experiments. Typical apparatus in a
particular laboratory may however vary, based on whether it is physics,
chemistry, biology or any other type of lab.
Types of Apparatus used in Laboratories and their Functions
Electric Apparatus
Voltmeters measure voltage
differentials across electrical circuits. Potentiometers are used to control the
power supplied to electronic instruments. Ammeters measure electric current. Multimeters
combine various such functions in one apparatus. Electroscope can measure the
amount of electric charge on a body. Resistors (or resistance box) provide
electric resistance in a circuit. Capacitors are passive components (pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric) and can store energy in a circuit. Induction
coils are a version of an electric transformer used to produce pulses of high
voltage current from a low voltage supply of direct current.
Glass Apparatus
Beakers are containers used for
measuring liquid while burettes measure the volume of a solution. Test tubes
can hold smaller amounts of the liquid and may also be used to perform small
scale experiments. Graduated cylinders and pipettes can measure liquid volume
(typically, with 0.1 ml accuracy), while pipettes are also equipped to control
liquid flow and help in transferring measured volumes between containers. Condensers
collect vaporized liquid when it liquefies during distillation. Funnel (of
glass or plastic) are used for transferring liquids between containers without
spilling, but may also be used for filtering (if filter paper is also used). Volumetric
flasks facilitate measurement of exact liquid volumes or help in preparation of
solutions with accurate dilutions.
Other Apparatus
Wash bottles dispense distilled
water in small measurable volumes. Watch glasses can be used for a variety of
purposes, such as holding small samples, as beaker covers or as evaporating
dishes. Clay triangles are wire-frames with porcelain on it, and are used to
support crucibles (used to heat small quantity of solid to extremely high
temperatures). Burners provide flame and heat. Wire gauzes are put over
burners, and ensure that the flame uniformly heats the solution. Forceps can hold
small objects, while tongs hold larger ones. Weight balance is used to measure
the weight of objects. pH meters measure acidity (or basicity of solutions).
Ring stands, clamps and test-tube holders are used for supporting laboratory
apparatus.
Centrifuge is used to separate various
materials in solution that are of varying density. Tapes, micrometers, screw
gauge and calipers are instruments for measuring length. Compass helps in
determining the direction. Stop clocks measure time (in milliseconds).
Scientific calculators are also used for calculation purposes. Barometers
measure atmospheric pressure. Microscopes are used in magnifying and observing objects
that are too small to be viewed by the naked eye. Lasers are also used in
laboratories for producing electromagnetic radiation.
Temperatures can be measured
using thermometers. A variety of thermometers are used in laboratories such as
mercury, red spirit or infrared thermometers (specifically used for high
temperature measurements).
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